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Computer Applications 165
Topic : Networking

Internet:

The Internet is a global network of interconnected computer networks that communicate with each other using standardized communication protocols. It allows people all over the world to connect with each other and access a vast amount of information and resources, such as websites, online services, email, instant messaging, file sharing, and much more.

The Internet has revolutionized the way we communicate, work, learn, and entertain ourselves. It has made it possible for people to connect with others from all over the world, regardless of distance or time zone. The Internet has also given rise to many new industries and technologies, including e-commerce, social media, cloud computing, and artificial intelligence.

Overall, the Internet has become an integral part of our daily lives, and it continues to evolve and shape the world we live in.

 
 

www:

The World Wide Web (often referred to as simply the “web”) is a system of interconnected hypertext documents and other resources, linked by hyperlinks and URLs (Uniform Resource Locators), which can be accessed over the Internet using a web browser.

The web was created by British computer scientist Tim Berners-Lee in 1989 while working at CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, as a way for scientists to share information and collaborate on research projects. The first website, which provided information about the World Wide Web project, went online in 1991.

Since then, the web has grown exponentially, and it has become a major part of everyday life for people all over the world. It has revolutionized the way we access and share information, and has given rise to countless new technologies and industries, including e-commerce, social media, online advertising, and much more.

Today, the web is an essential tool for communication, commerce, education, entertainment, and much more, and it continues to evolve and shape the way we live and work.

 

server,  web server and client:

A server is a computer program or hardware device that provides services or resources to other computers, devices, or applications over a network. Servers can provide various types of services, such as file sharing, database management, email, web hosting, and more.

A web server is a type of server that specifically serves web content, such as web pages, images, videos, and other files, over the internet. It is designed to respond to requests from web browsers, such as Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, and Microsoft Edge, using HTTP or HTTPS protocols.

A client is a computer program or device that requests services or resources from a server. Clients can be web browsers, email clients, file sharing applications, and more. When a client requests a resource from a server, it sends a request message to the server, and the server responds by sending the requested resource back to the client.

In the context of web servers, a web browser is a client that requests web content from a web server. The web server responds by sending the requested content back to the web browser, which then displays it to the user.

In summary, a server provides services or resources to other computers or devices, while a client requests and receives those services or resources from the server. A web server specifically serves web content over the internet, while a web browser is a client that requests and receives that content from the web server.

Website vs Web page

A website is a collection of related web pages and other resources that are hosted on a web server and can be accessed over the internet using a web browser. A website can include a variety of content, such as text, images, videos, audio files, and interactive applications.

A web page, on the other hand, is a single document or file that is designed to be viewed within a web browser. A web page can contain a variety of content, such as text, images, videos, hyperlinks, and interactive elements.

In other words, a website is a collection of web pages that are organized and interconnected to provide a coherent and comprehensive online presence. A web page is a single unit of content within that website.

For example, a company’s website might consist of several web pages, including a home page, an about page, a products or services page, a contact page, and more. Each of these web pages would contain specific content related to the company’s offerings and provide different types of information to visitors.

In summary, a website is a collection of related web pages and other resources that are hosted on a web server and can be accessed over the internet. A web page is a single document or file within that website that is designed to be viewed within a web browser.

Web Portal

A web portal is a website that serves as a starting point or gateway to a variety of resources and services available on the internet. It provides users with a single point of access to a range of information, applications, and tools from various sources.

Web portals are designed to be customizable, allowing users to personalize their experience by selecting the content and services that are most relevant to them. They often include features such as search engines, news feeds, email, forums, online shopping, and social media.

Web portals are commonly used by businesses, organizations, and educational institutions to provide employees, members, and students with access to relevant information, resources, and services in one place. They can also be used as a marketing tool to promote products and services to customers.

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Web Browser

A web browser is a software application used to access and view web pages and other resources on the World Wide Web. Web browsers allow users to navigate the internet, search for information, and interact with web applications.

Some popular web browsers include Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Microsoft Edge, Safari, and Opera. Each web browser has its own features and capabilities, but they all share some common functions such as:

  1. Displaying web pages: Web browsers use the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) to retrieve web pages from web servers and display them on the user’s device.

  2. Navigating the web: Users can navigate to different web pages using hyperlinks or by typing in a web address (URL).

  3. Managing bookmarks: Web browsers allow users to bookmark frequently visited web pages for quick access later.

  4. Managing cookies: Web browsers store cookies, which are small data files used by websites to remember user preferences and login information.

  5. Supporting plugins and extensions: Web browsers can be extended with plugins or extensions to add new features and capabilities.

  6. Providing security: Web browsers use various security measures such as SSL/TLS encryption, phishing protection, and pop-up blockers to protect users from online threats.

Overall, web browsers are essential tools for accessing and using the internet, and they continue to evolve with new features and technologies to improve the user experience.

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Bogs

A blog is a website or online platform where an individual or a group of individuals regularly post written content in the form of articles or posts. Blogs can cover a wide range of topics, including personal experiences, hobbies, news, current events, politics, and more.

Blogs typically feature a series of posts that are displayed in reverse chronological order, with the most recent post appearing at the top of the page. Bloggers can publish new posts at any time, and readers can subscribe to the blog to receive updates when new content is posted.

Blogs can be created using various platforms and software, including WordPress, Blogger, Tumblr, and more. These platforms offer customizable templates, easy-to-use editors, and built-in features like commenting and social media sharing.

Blogs can serve various purposes, such as personal expression, sharing knowledge and expertise, building an online community, promoting a business or brand, and more. Many blogs also allow for interaction between the blogger and readers, such as commenting and feedback.

Overall, blogs have become an important part of the online landscape, providing a platform for individuals and groups to share their thoughts, ideas, and experiences with a global audience.

 
 

News groups:

 

Newsgroups, also known as Usenet, are discussion forums or online communities where people can exchange messages and discuss various topics. They are similar to online forums, but instead of being hosted on a website, they are distributed over a network of servers.

Newsgroups are organized by subject matter or topic, and users can subscribe to specific newsgroups to receive messages and participate in discussions. Each newsgroup is identified by a unique name, which consists of a hierarchy of categories separated by dots. For example, the newsgroup alt.comp.freeware is a newsgroup that is focused on discussions related to free software in the computer industry.

Users can post messages to a newsgroup by sending an email to a specific email address associated with that newsgroup. Once a message is posted, it is distributed to all the servers that host the newsgroup, and users can read and respond to the message using their email client or a specialized newsgroup reader.

Newsgroups are typically unmoderated, which means that there is no central authority or moderator controlling the discussions. While this can lead to lively and unfiltered discussions, it can also lead to spam and off-topic posts. However, some newsgroups are moderated to ensure that the discussions stay on-topic and civil.

Overall, newsgroups offer a decentralized and open platform for discussion and information exchange, and they have been an important part of the internet since their inception in the 1980s.

HTML, or Hypertext Markup Language :

 

HTML, or Hypertext Markup Language, is the standard language used for creating web pages and web applications. It provides a way to structure and format content on a web page, such as text, images, videos, and links. HTML uses a set of tags and attributes to define the various elements on a web page and their properties, such as font size, color, alignment, and more. Web browsers use the HTML code to render the content on a web page, which allows users to view and interact with the information presented. HTML has evolved over time with the release of new versions, and the current version is HTML5.

 

Web Address  and URL

A web address, also known as a Uniform Resource Locator (URL), is a unique identifier for a specific resource on the internet. It is used to locate and access web pages, files, and other resources on the World Wide Web.

A typical web address contains several parts, including the protocol (such as HTTP or HTTPS), the domain name (which identifies the website), the path to the specific resource, and any additional parameters. For example, the web address for the homepage of Google is “https://www.google.com/“. The protocol is HTTPS, the domain name is “google.com”, and the path is the root directory “/”, which leads to the homepage.

Web addresses can also include specific port numbers, query strings, and other parameters to further specify the resource being accessed. The ability to use web addresses to access information on the internet is a fundamental feature of the World Wide Web and has enabled the creation of countless websites, web applications, and online services.

 

A URL, or Uniform Resource Locator, is a string of characters that is used to identify and locate resources on the internet. It provides a standard way to access various resources, such as web pages, files, images, videos, and more.

A typical URL has three main parts: the protocol, the domain name, and the path. Here is a breakdown of each part:

  1. Protocol: This is the first part of a URL, and it specifies the communication protocol that is being used to transfer data over the internet. The most common protocol is HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol), which is used to transfer web pages from web servers to web browsers. HTTPS is a secure version of HTTP that encrypts data to prevent unauthorized access.

  2. Domain name: This is the second part of a URL, and it identifies the website or web server that is hosting the resource being accessed. It typically consists of two or more parts separated by dots. For example, in the URL “https://www.example.com/index.html“, the domain name is “example.com”.

  3. Path: This is the third part of a URL, and it specifies the location of the resource being accessed on the server. It can include directories, subdirectories, and filenames. For example, in the URL “https://www.example.com/index.html“, the path is “/index.html”.

In addition to these three main parts, a URL can also include other components, such as query parameters, fragments, and port numbers. These components provide additional information that is used to customize the request or response.

E-Mail and its parts

 

An email address consists of two main parts: a local-part and a domain name.

  1. Local-part: The local-part is the part of the email address that comes before the “@” symbol. It is unique to each user and is typically their username or name.

  2. Domain name: The domain name is the part of the email address that comes after the “@” symbol. It identifies the domain where the email account is hosted, such as gmail.com, yahoo.com, or outlook.com.

For example, in the email address “johndoe@gmail.com“, “johndoe” is the local-part and “gmail.com” is the domain name.

To compose an email, you can follow these general steps:

  1. Open your email client or service and select “Compose” or “New Message”
  2. Enter the recipient’s email address in the “To” field.
  3. Add a subject to your email that gives a brief idea of what the email is about.
  4. Write your email in the body of the message.
  5. You can add attachments or images to your email if necessary.
  6. Once you’re done, review your email to check for any spelling or grammar mistakes.
  7. Hit the “Send” button to send your email.

In addition to the “To” field, there are two other fields that you may use when sending an email:

  1. CC: CC stands for “Carbon Copy.” When you CC someone, they will receive a copy of the email, but it is not necessarily directed to them. It’s a way of keeping them in the loop. Use the CC field to include people who need to know what is going on but are not the primary recipient of the email.

  2. BCC: BCC stands for “Blind Carbon Copy.” When you BCC someone, they will receive a copy of the email, but the other recipients will not see that they were included. This can be useful if you want to keep someone in the loop without revealing their email address to other recipients.

Note that the use of CC and BCC fields can vary depending on the situation and the email etiquette of your workplace or social circle.

 
 
 

Downloading and Uploading files from a remote site.

 

Downloading and uploading are two common actions when transferring files between a local computer and a remote site such as a web server or file hosting service.

Downloading refers to the process of retrieving a file from a remote site to a local computer. This can be done using a web browser or a dedicated file transfer protocol (FTP) client. To download a file, the user typically needs to know the file’s URL or location on the remote site, and then initiate the download by clicking on a download link or using the appropriate download command in the FTP client.

Uploading, on the other hand, refers to the process of transferring a file from a local computer to a remote site. This is commonly done to upload files to a web server, cloud storage service, or file hosting site. To upload a file, the user typically needs to use a dedicated FTP client or a web-based file uploader. The user also needs to know the location on the remote site where the file should be uploaded.

Both downloading and uploading can involve different types of files, such as documents, images, audio files, or software. It’s important to ensure that the files being transferred are authorized for sharing and that they do not contain any malicious content.

 
 

 

 

Downloading and Uploading files from a remote site.

Downloading and uploading are two common actions when transferring files between a local computer and a remote site such as a web server or file hosting service.

Downloading refers to the process of retrieving a file from a remote site to a local computer. This can be done using a web browser or a dedicated file transfer protocol (FTP) client. To download a file, the user typically needs to know the file’s URL or location on the remote site, and then initiate the download by clicking on a download link or using the appropriate download command in the FTP client.

Uploading, on the other hand, refers to the process of transferring a file from a local computer to a remote site. This is commonly done to upload files to a web server, cloud storage service, or file hosting site. To upload a file, the user typically needs to use a dedicated FTP client or a web-based file uploader. The user also needs to know the location on the remote site where the file should be uploaded.

Both downloading and uploading can involve different types of files, such as documents, images, audio files, or software. It’s important to ensure that the files being transferred are authorized for sharing and that they do not contain any malicious content.

 
 
 

Quiz

1.   Which of the following is NOT a web browser?     

a. Safari

b. Chrome

c. Outlook

d. Firefox

2. Which of the following is NOT a type of internet connection?

a. Dial-up

b. DSL

c. Satellite

d. Ethernet

3. What does DNS stand for?

a. Domain Name System

b. Digital Network Service

c. Data Network System

d. Dynamic Name Server

 

4. What is the purpose of a firewall?

a. To protect a computer or network from unauthorized access

b. To provide faster internet speeds

c. To block all internet traffic

d. To scan for viruses and malware

 

5. Which of the following is NOT a type of website?

a. Blog

b. E-commerce

c. Social media

d. Domain

 

6. What is the purpose of a URL?

a. To provide a unique identifier for a website or web page

b. To encrypt internet traffic for security purposes

c. To store data on a remote server

d. To provide a graphical user interface for browsing the web

 

7. Which protocol is used to transfer files between computers over the internet?

a. HTTP

b. FTP

c. TCP

d. IP

 

8. Which of the following is NOT a social media platform?

a. Facebook

b. Instagram

c. LinkedIn

d. Yahoo

 

9. Which of the following is a popular video streaming service?

a. Netflix

b. Dropbox

c. Google Drive

d. Microsoft Office

 

10. Which of the following is NOT a cloud computing service?

a. Dropbox

b. Amazon Web Services

c. iCloud 

d. YouTube

Important Questions 

 

  1. What is the World Wide Web and how does it work?

  2. What is a web server and what is its role in delivering web pages?

  3. What is a web client and how does it interact with a web server?

  4. What is the difference between a web site and a web page?

  5. What are web browsers and how do they allow users to access the internet?

  6. What are blogs and news groups and how do they function on the internet?

  7. What is HTML and how is it used in creating web pages?

  8. What is a web address and how is it structured?

  9. What is an e-mail address and how is it structured?

  10. How do you download and upload files from a remote site?

  11. What is TCP/IP and what is its role in internet communication?

  12. What are SMTP and POP3 and how do they relate to e-mail communication?

  13. What is HTTP and how does it relate to web browsing?

  14. What is HTTPS and why is it important for secure web communication?

  15. What are remote login and file transfer protocols, and what are some examples?

  16. How do search engines work, and what are some commonly used ones?

  17. How do you locate people on the internet?

  18. What are some examples of web services and how are they used?

  19. What are mobile technologies, and what are some examples?

  20. How do SMS and MMS differ from each other, and what are they used for?

Important Questions 

 

  1. What is the World Wide Web and how does it work?

  2. What is a web server and what is its role in delivering web pages?

  3. What is a web client and how does it interact with a web server?

  4. What is the difference between a web site and a web page?

  5. What are web browsers and how do they allow users to access the internet?

  6. What are blogs and news groups and how do they function on the internet?

  7. What is HTML and how is it used in creating web pages?

  8. What is a web address and how is it structured?

  9. What is an e-mail address and how is it structured?

  10. How do you download and upload files from a remote site?

  11. What is TCP/IP and what is its role in internet communication?

  12. What are SMTP and POP3 and how do they relate to e-mail communication?

  13. What is HTTP and how does it relate to web browsing?

  14. What is HTTPS and why is it important for secure web communication?

  15. What are remote login and file transfer protocols, and what are some examples?

  16. How do search engines work, and what are some commonly used ones?

  17. How do you locate people on the internet?

  18. What are some examples of web services and how are they used?

  19. What are mobile technologies, and what are some examples?

  20. How do SMS and MMS differ from each other, and what are they used for?

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